跟踪时 Prolog 中的重做是什么?

What is redo in Prolog when you trace?

提问人:John Sall 提问时间:11/9/2018 最后编辑:falseJohn Sall 更新时间:1/14/2020 访问量:2635

问:

我有这个代码(迭代加深以找到最短路径):

arc(a, g).
arc(a, b).
arc(b, g).

path(X, Z, Path) :-
    length(Path, _),
    path_r(X, Z, Path).

path_r(Z, Z, []).
path_r(X, Z, [X|Path]) :-
    arc(X, Y),
    path(Y, Z, Path).

当我追踪它时,在其中一个痕迹中,它给了我:

    2    2  Redo: length([],0) ? 

这是怎么回事? 另外,行左边的 2 2 是什么?

其余的跟踪:

  1    1  Call: path(a,g,_23) ? 
  2    2  Call: length(_23,_55) ? 
  2    2  Exit: length([],0) ? 
  3    2  Call: path_r(a,g,[]) ? 
  3    2  Fail: path_r(a,g,[]) ? 
  2    2  Redo: length([],0) ? 
  2    2  Exit: length([_80],1) ? 
  3    2  Call: path_r(a,g,[_80]) ? 
  4    3  Call: arc(a,_146) ? 
  4    3  Exit: arc(a,g) ? 
  5    3  Call: path(g,g,[]) ? 
  6    4  Call: length([],_158) ? 
  6    4  Exit: length([],0) ? 
  7    4  Call: path_r(g,g,[]) ? 
  7    4  Exit: path_r(g,g,[]) ? 
  5    3  Exit: path(g,g,[]) ? 
  3    2  Exit: path_r(a,g,[a]) ? 
  1    1  Exit: path(a,g,[a]) ? 
调试 Prolog 跟踪 最短路径

评论

3赞 lurker 11/9/2018
“重做”意味着Prolog正在回溯
0赞 Guy Coder 11/9/2018
一个更好的搜索关键词是选择点redo
0赞 Guy Coder 11/9/2018
你给了我们谓词,但你开始的查询是什么?
0赞 Guy Coder 11/9/2018
如果你能阅读 OCaml,那么这显示了它在 OCaml 中是如何工作的。
0赞 John Sall 11/9/2018
@GuyCoder查询为:path(a, g, P)。

答:

1赞 Guy Coder 11/9/2018 #1

这是答案中的注释,因为它不适合注释。

本程序中的用途是用于生成不同长度的列表。length(Path,_)

如果你在SWI-Prolog中运行查询,你会得到。length(X,N)

?- length(List,N).
List = [],
N = 0 ;
List = [_774],
N = 1 ;
List = [_774, _780],
N = 2 ;
List = [_774, _780, _786],
N = 3 ;
List = [_774, _780, _786, _792],
N = 4 ;
List = [_774, _780, _786, _792, _798],
N = 5 

请注意如何返回长度递增的列表。当您想要生成列表结果并且您不知道列表的长度或想要返回不同长度的列表时,这个常用的技巧可以做到这一点。

花几个小时,看看 StackOverflow 或其他地方的 Prolog 示例中的其他代码,你就会注意到 length/2 的使用,因为你已经知道了。

1赞 Guy Coder 11/9/2018 #2

这不是评论,而是答案。

Redo: length([],0) ? 

这是怎么回事?

这是您的跟踪输出;我添加了标识符和行号以准确识别行。Trace

Trace  1   1    1  Call: path(a,g,_23) ? 
Trace  2   2    2  Call: length(_23,_55) ? 
Trace  3   2    2  Exit: length([],0) ? 
Trace  4   3    2  Call: path_r(a,g,[]) ? 
Trace  5   3    2  Fail: path_r(a,g,[]) ? 
Trace  6   2    2  Redo: length([],0) ? 
Trace  7   2    2  Exit: length([_80],1) ? 
Trace  8   3    2  Call: path_r(a,g,[_80]) ? 
Trace  9   4    3  Call: arc(a,_146) ? 
Trace 10   4    3  Exit: arc(a,g) ? 
Trace 11   5    3  Call: path(g,g,[]) ? 
Trace 12   6    4  Call: length([],_158) ? 
Trace 13   6    4  Exit: length([],0) ? 
Trace 14   7    4  Call: path_r(g,g,[]) ? 
Trace 15   7    4  Exit: path_r(g,g,[]) ? 
Trace 16   5    3  Exit: path(g,g,[]) ? 
Trace 17   3    2  Exit: path_r(a,g,[a]) ? 
Trace 18   1    1  Exit: path(a,g,[a]) ?  

这是你的源代码;我添加了标识符和行号以准确识别和行。FactPredicate

Fact 1          arc(a, g).
Fact 2          arc(a, b).
Fact 3          arc(b, g).

Predicate 1,1   path(X, Z, Path) :-
Predicate 1,2      length(Path, _),
Predicate 1,3      path_r(X, Z, Path).

Predicate 2,1   path_r(Z, Z, []).

Predicate 3,1   path_r(X, Z, [X|Path]) :-
Predicate 3,2       arc(X, Y),
Predicate 3,3       path(Y, Z, Path).

解释

要理解下面的调用,请参阅长评论作为其他答案length/2

Trace  1 is your initial query `path(a,g,X)`  
         Prolog unifies this with Predicate 1,1 `path(X, Z, Path)`  
         Prolog unifies `a` with `X`, `g` with `Z`, and `X` with `Path`  
Trace  2 is Predicate 1,2 `length(Path,_)`  
         Prolog unifies `_23` with `Path` and `_` with `_55`  
         Prolog then calls `length/2` and upon return  
        `Path` is unified with `[]` and `_` is unified with `0`  
Trace  3 `length(_23,_55)` is unified to `length([],0)`  
Trace  4 is Predicate 1,3 `path_r(X, Z, Path).  
         Prolog unifies `a` with `X`, `g` with `Z`, and `Path` with `[]`  
         Prolog calls Predicate 2,1  
Trace  5 is Predicate 2,1 `path_r(Z, Z, [])`  
         Prolog unifies `a` with `Z`  
         Prolog can not unify `g` with `Z` because `Z` is `a` and fails.  
Trace  6 is Predicate 1,2 `length(Path,_)` 
         Prolog knows `length([],0)` failed  
         Prolog redoes (REDO) the call to `length/2` 
Trace  7 is Predicate 1,2 `length(Path,_)` 
        `Path` is unified with `[_80]` and `_` is unified with `1`  
Trace  8 is Predicate 1,3 `path_r(X, Z, Path)`  
         Prolog unifies `a` with `X`, `g` with `Z`, and `Path` with `[_80]`  
         Prolog calls Predicate 3,1 it can not call Predicate 2,1 because `Path` which is `[_80]` can not unify with `[]`.
Trace  9 is Predicate 3,2 `arc(X,Y)`
         Prolog unifies 'a` with `X` and `_146` with `Y`
         Prolog calls Fact 1
Trace 10 is Fact 1 `arc(a, g).`
         Prolog unifies `a` with `a` and `g` with `Y`

除了重做之外,我还介绍了几个步骤,以便您可以再进行一些示例行,以便您可以选择自己完成此操作。

虽然这个例子是一个非常简单的例子,但对于刚接触Prolog的学生来说,使用Prolog确实会使它更难理解。length/2