提问人: 提问时间:9/16/2008 最后编辑:4 revs, 2 users 93%Noob 更新时间:5/16/2022 访问量:443131
Bash 中的错误处理 [已关闭]
Error handling in Bash [closed]
问:
你最喜欢在 Bash 中处理错误的方法是什么? 我在网络上找到的处理错误的最好例子是 William Shotts, Jr 在 http://www.linuxcommand.org 写的。
他建议在 Bash 中使用以下函数进行错误处理:
#!/bin/bash
# A slicker error handling routine
# I put a variable in my scripts named PROGNAME which
# holds the name of the program being run. You can get this
# value from the first item on the command line ($0).
# Reference: This was copied from <http://www.linuxcommand.org/wss0150.php>
PROGNAME=$(basename $0)
function error_exit
{
# ----------------------------------------------------------------
# Function for exit due to fatal program error
# Accepts 1 argument:
# string containing descriptive error message
# ----------------------------------------------------------------
echo "${PROGNAME}: ${1:-"Unknown Error"}" 1>&2
exit 1
}
# Example call of the error_exit function. Note the inclusion
# of the LINENO environment variable. It contains the current
# line number.
echo "Example of error with line number and message"
error_exit "$LINENO: An error has occurred."
您是否有在 Bash 脚本中使用的更好的错误处理例程?
答:
我用过
die() {
echo $1
kill $$
}
以前;我想是因为“退出”由于某种原因对我来说失败了。不过,上述默认值似乎是个好主意。
评论
这是一个很好的解决方案。我只是想补充
set -e
作为基本的错误机制。如果一个简单的命令失败,它将立即停止您的脚本。我认为这应该是默认行为:由于此类错误几乎总是表示意外情况,因此继续执行以下命令并不是真正“理智”的。
评论
set -o pipefail
set -e
set -e
另一个考虑因素是要返回的退出代码。只是“”是相当标准的,尽管有一些保留的退出代码是bash本身使用的,并且同一页面认为用户定义的代码应该在64-113范围内以符合C / C++标准。1
您还可以考虑用于其退出代码的位向量方法:mount
0 success
1 incorrect invocation or permissions
2 system error (out of memory, cannot fork, no more loop devices)
4 internal mount bug or missing nfs support in mount
8 user interrupt
16 problems writing or locking /etc/mtab
32 mount failure
64 some mount succeeded
OR
-将代码放在一起允许您的脚本同时发出多个错误的信号。
使用陷阱!
tempfiles=( )
cleanup() {
rm -f "${tempfiles[@]}"
}
trap cleanup 0
error() {
local parent_lineno="$1"
local message="$2"
local code="${3:-1}"
if [[ -n "$message" ]] ; then
echo "Error on or near line ${parent_lineno}: ${message}; exiting with status ${code}"
else
echo "Error on or near line ${parent_lineno}; exiting with status ${code}"
fi
exit "${code}"
}
trap 'error ${LINENO}' ERR
...然后,每当您创建临时文件时:
temp_foo="$(mktemp -t foobar.XXXXXX)"
tempfiles+=( "$temp_foo" )
并将在退出时删除,并打印当前行号。( 同样会给你出错时退出行为,尽管它带有严重的警告并削弱了代码的可预测性和可移植性)。$temp_foo
set -e
您可以让陷阱调用您(在这种情况下,它使用默认的退出代码 1 并且没有消息),也可以自己调用它并提供显式值;例如:error
error ${LINENO} "the foobar failed" 2
将退出,并显示状态 2,并给出显式消息。
或者,对陷阱的第一行进行一些修改,以全面捕获所有非零退出代码(注意非错误非零退出代码):shopt -s extdebug
set -e
error() {
local last_exit_status="$?"
local parent_lineno="$1"
local message="${2:-(no message ($last_exit_status))}"
local code="${3:-$last_exit_status}"
# ... continue as above
}
trap 'error ${LINENO}' ERR
shopt -s extdebug
这也与 “兼容”。set -eu
评论
LINENO
我更喜欢一些非常容易打电话的东西。所以我使用的东西看起来有点复杂,但很容易使用。我通常只是将下面的代码复制并粘贴到我的脚本中。代码后面有解释。
#This function is used to cleanly exit any script. It does this displaying a
# given error message, and exiting with an error code.
function error_exit {
echo
echo "$@"
exit 1
}
#Trap the killer signals so that we can exit with a good message.
trap "error_exit 'Received signal SIGHUP'" SIGHUP
trap "error_exit 'Received signal SIGINT'" SIGINT
trap "error_exit 'Received signal SIGTERM'" SIGTERM
#Alias the function so that it will print a message with the following format:
#prog-name(@line#): message
#We have to explicitly allow aliases, we do this because they make calling the
#function much easier (see example).
shopt -s expand_aliases
alias die='error_exit "Error ${0}(@`echo $(( $LINENO - 1 ))`):"'
我通常在 error_exit 函数旁边调用清理函数,但这因脚本而异,所以我省略了它。陷阱捕获常见的终止信号,并确保一切都得到清理。别名才是真正的魔力。我喜欢检查一切是否失败。因此,通常我用“if!”类型的语句来调用程序。通过从行号中减去 1,别名将告诉我故障发生的位置。它也非常简单,而且几乎是白痴证明。下面是一个示例(只需将 /bin/false 替换为您要调用的任何内容即可)。
#This is an example useage, it will print out
#Error prog-name (@1): Who knew false is false.
if ! /bin/false ; then
die "Who knew false is false."
fi
评论
$LINENO - 1
false || die "hello death"
“set -e”的等效替代方法是
set -o errexit
它使标志的含义比“-e”更清晰。
随机添加:暂时禁用标志,并返回默认(无论退出代码如何继续执行),只需使用
set +e
echo "commands run here returning non-zero exit codes will not cause the entire script to fail"
echo "false returns 1 as an exit code"
false
set -e
这排除了其他响应中提到的正确错误处理,但快速有效(就像 bash 一样)。
评论
$(foo)
foo
这已经为我服务了一段时间。它以红色打印错误或警告消息,每个参数一行,并允许可选的退出代码。
# Custom errors
EX_UNKNOWN=1
warning()
{
# Output warning messages
# Color the output red if it's an interactive terminal
# @param $1...: Messages
test -t 1 && tput setf 4
printf '%s\n' "$@" >&2
test -t 1 && tput sgr0 # Reset terminal
true
}
error()
{
# Output error messages with optional exit code
# @param $1...: Messages
# @param $N: Exit code (optional)
messages=( "$@" )
# If the last parameter is a number, it's not part of the messages
last_parameter="${messages[@]: -1}"
if [[ "$last_parameter" =~ ^[0-9]*$ ]]
then
exit_code=$last_parameter
unset messages[$((${#messages[@]} - 1))]
fi
warning "${messages[@]}"
exit ${exit_code:-$EX_UNKNOWN}
}
我使用以下陷阱代码,它还允许通过管道和“时间”命令跟踪错误
#!/bin/bash
set -o pipefail # trace ERR through pipes
set -o errtrace # trace ERR through 'time command' and other functions
function error() {
JOB="$0" # job name
LASTLINE="$1" # line of error occurrence
LASTERR="$2" # error code
echo "ERROR in ${JOB} : line ${LASTLINE} with exit code ${LASTERR}"
exit 1
}
trap 'error ${LINENO} ${?}' ERR
评论
function
error() {
function
${$?}
应该只是 ,或者如果您坚持使用不必要的大括号;内在是错误的。$?
${?}
$
不确定这是否对您有帮助,但我在这里修改了一些建议的功能,以便在其中包含对错误的检查(先前命令的退出代码)。 在每次“检查”中,我还会将错误的“消息”作为参数传递,以便进行日志记录。
#!/bin/bash
error_exit()
{
if [ "$?" != "0" ]; then
log.sh "$1"
exit 1
fi
}
现在要在同一脚本中调用它(如果我使用,则在另一个脚本中调用它),我只需编写函数的名称并传递一条消息作为参数,如下所示:export -f error_exit
#!/bin/bash
cd /home/myuser/afolder
error_exit "Unable to switch to folder"
rm *
error_exit "Unable to delete all files"
使用它,我能够为一些自动化过程创建一个非常强大的 bash 文件,如果出现错误,它将停止并通知我(会这样做)log.sh
评论
function
error_exit() {
cd /home/myuser/afolder || error_exit "Unable to switch to folder"
阅读此页面上的所有答案给了我很多启发。
所以,这是我的提示: 文件内容:lib.trap.sh
lib_name='trap'
lib_version=20121026
stderr_log="/dev/shm/stderr.log"
#
# TO BE SOURCED ONLY ONCE:
#
###~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~##
if test "${g_libs[$lib_name]+_}"; then
return 0
else
if test ${#g_libs[@]} == 0; then
declare -A g_libs
fi
g_libs[$lib_name]=$lib_version
fi
#
# MAIN CODE:
#
###~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~##
set -o pipefail # trace ERR through pipes
set -o errtrace # trace ERR through 'time command' and other functions
set -o nounset ## set -u : exit the script if you try to use an uninitialised variable
set -o errexit ## set -e : exit the script if any statement returns a non-true return value
exec 2>"$stderr_log"
###~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~##
#
# FUNCTION: EXIT_HANDLER
#
###~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~##
function exit_handler ()
{
local error_code="$?"
test $error_code == 0 && return;
#
# LOCAL VARIABLES:
# ------------------------------------------------------------------
#
local i=0
local regex=''
local mem=''
local error_file=''
local error_lineno=''
local error_message='unknown'
local lineno=''
#
# PRINT THE HEADER:
# ------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# Color the output if it's an interactive terminal
test -t 1 && tput bold; tput setf 4 ## red bold
echo -e "\n(!) EXIT HANDLER:\n"
#
# GETTING LAST ERROR OCCURRED:
# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
#
# Read last file from the error log
# ------------------------------------------------------------------
#
if test -f "$stderr_log"
then
stderr=$( tail -n 1 "$stderr_log" )
rm "$stderr_log"
fi
#
# Managing the line to extract information:
# ------------------------------------------------------------------
#
if test -n "$stderr"
then
# Exploding stderr on :
mem="$IFS"
local shrunk_stderr=$( echo "$stderr" | sed 's/\: /\:/g' )
IFS=':'
local stderr_parts=( $shrunk_stderr )
IFS="$mem"
# Storing information on the error
error_file="${stderr_parts[0]}"
error_lineno="${stderr_parts[1]}"
error_message=""
for (( i = 3; i <= ${#stderr_parts[@]}; i++ ))
do
error_message="$error_message "${stderr_parts[$i-1]}": "
done
# Removing last ':' (colon character)
error_message="${error_message%:*}"
# Trim
error_message="$( echo "$error_message" | sed -e 's/^[ \t]*//' | sed -e 's/[ \t]*$//' )"
fi
#
# GETTING BACKTRACE:
# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
_backtrace=$( backtrace 2 )
#
# MANAGING THE OUTPUT:
# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
local lineno=""
regex='^([a-z]{1,}) ([0-9]{1,})$'
if [[ $error_lineno =~ $regex ]]
# The error line was found on the log
# (e.g. type 'ff' without quotes wherever)
# --------------------------------------------------------------
then
local row="${BASH_REMATCH[1]}"
lineno="${BASH_REMATCH[2]}"
echo -e "FILE:\t\t${error_file}"
echo -e "${row^^}:\t\t${lineno}\n"
echo -e "ERROR CODE:\t${error_code}"
test -t 1 && tput setf 6 ## white yellow
echo -e "ERROR MESSAGE:\n$error_message"
else
regex="^${error_file}\$|^${error_file}\s+|\s+${error_file}\s+|\s+${error_file}\$"
if [[ "$_backtrace" =~ $regex ]]
# The file was found on the log but not the error line
# (could not reproduce this case so far)
# ------------------------------------------------------
then
echo -e "FILE:\t\t$error_file"
echo -e "ROW:\t\tunknown\n"
echo -e "ERROR CODE:\t${error_code}"
test -t 1 && tput setf 6 ## white yellow
echo -e "ERROR MESSAGE:\n${stderr}"
# Neither the error line nor the error file was found on the log
# (e.g. type 'cp ffd fdf' without quotes wherever)
# ------------------------------------------------------
else
#
# The error file is the first on backtrace list:
# Exploding backtrace on newlines
mem=$IFS
IFS='
'
#
# Substring: I keep only the carriage return
# (others needed only for tabbing purpose)
IFS=${IFS:0:1}
local lines=( $_backtrace )
IFS=$mem
error_file=""
if test -n "${lines[1]}"
then
array=( ${lines[1]} )
for (( i=2; i<${#array[@]}; i++ ))
do
error_file="$error_file ${array[$i]}"
done
# Trim
error_file="$( echo "$error_file" | sed -e 's/^[ \t]*//' | sed -e 's/[ \t]*$//' )"
fi
echo -e "FILE:\t\t$error_file"
echo -e "ROW:\t\tunknown\n"
echo -e "ERROR CODE:\t${error_code}"
test -t 1 && tput setf 6 ## white yellow
if test -n "${stderr}"
then
echo -e "ERROR MESSAGE:\n${stderr}"
else
echo -e "ERROR MESSAGE:\n${error_message}"
fi
fi
fi
#
# PRINTING THE BACKTRACE:
# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
test -t 1 && tput setf 7 ## white bold
echo -e "\n$_backtrace\n"
#
# EXITING:
# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #
test -t 1 && tput setf 4 ## red bold
echo "Exiting!"
test -t 1 && tput sgr0 # Reset terminal
exit "$error_code"
}
trap exit_handler EXIT # ! ! ! TRAP EXIT ! ! !
trap exit ERR # ! ! ! TRAP ERR ! ! !
###~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~##
#
# FUNCTION: BACKTRACE
#
###~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~##
function backtrace
{
local _start_from_=0
local params=( "$@" )
if (( "${#params[@]}" >= "1" ))
then
_start_from_="$1"
fi
local i=0
local first=false
while caller $i > /dev/null
do
if test -n "$_start_from_" && (( "$i" + 1 >= "$_start_from_" ))
then
if test "$first" == false
then
echo "BACKTRACE IS:"
first=true
fi
caller $i
fi
let "i=i+1"
done
}
return 0
用法示例:文件内容:
trap-test.sh
#!/bin/bash
source 'lib.trap.sh'
echo "doing something wrong now .."
echo "$foo"
exit 0
运行:
bash trap-test.sh
输出:
doing something wrong now ..
(!) EXIT HANDLER:
FILE: trap-test.sh
LINE: 6
ERROR CODE: 1
ERROR MESSAGE:
foo: unassigned variable
BACKTRACE IS:
1 main trap-test.sh
Exiting!
从下面的屏幕截图中可以看出,输出是彩色的,错误消息以使用的语言出现。
评论
test ${#g_libs[@]} == 0
=
-eq
==
test
(( ${#g_libs[@]} == 0 ))
case "$(uname)" in Darwin ) stderr_log="${TMPDIR}stderr.log";; Linux ) stderr_log="/dev/shm/stderr.log";; * ) stderr_log="/dev/shm/stderr.log" ;; esac
此技巧对于缺少的命令或函数很有用。缺少的函数(或可执行文件)的名称将以 $_ 的形式传递
function handle_error {
status=$?
last_call=$1
# 127 is 'command not found'
(( status != 127 )) && return
echo "you tried to call $last_call"
return
}
# Trap errors.
trap 'handle_error "$_"' ERR
评论
$_
$?
受到这里介绍的想法的启发,我开发了一种可读且方便的方式来处理我的 bash 样板项目中 bash 脚本中的错误。
通过简单地获取库,您可以获得以下开箱即用的功能(即,它将在任何错误时停止执行,就像使用感谢 on 和一些 bash-fu 一样):set -e
trap
ERR
还有一些额外的功能可以帮助处理错误,例如 try 和 catch 或 throw 关键字,它们允许您在某个点中断执行以查看回溯。此外,如果终端支持它,它会吐出电力线表情符号,为输出的某些部分着色以提高可读性,并在代码行的上下文中为导致异常的方法下划线。
缺点是 - 它不是可移植的 - 代码在 bash 中工作,可能只有 >= 4(但我想它可以通过一些努力移植到 bash 3)。
为了更好地处理,代码被分成多个文件,但我的灵感来自卢卡·博里奥内(Luca Borrione)上面的答案中的回溯思想。
若要阅读更多内容或查看源代码,请参阅 GitHub:
https://github.com/niieani/bash-oo-framework#error-handling-with-exceptions-and-throw
评论
使用陷阱并不总是一种选择。例如,如果您正在编写某种需要错误处理的可重用函数,并且可以从任何脚本调用(在使用帮助程序函数获取文件之后),则该函数不能假设外部脚本的退出时间,这使得使用陷阱非常困难。使用陷阱的另一个缺点是可组合性差,因为您可能会覆盖之前可能在调用者链中设置的先前陷阱。
有一个小技巧可用于在没有陷阱的情况下进行适当的错误处理。正如您可能已经从其他答案中知道的那样,如果您在命令后面使用运算符,即使您在子 shell 中运行它们,也不会在命令中工作;例如,这行不通:set -e
||
#!/bin/sh
# prints:
#
# --> outer
# --> inner
# ./so_1.sh: line 16: some_failed_command: command not found
# <-- inner
# <-- outer
set -e
outer() {
echo '--> outer'
(inner) || {
exit_code=$?
echo '--> cleanup'
return $exit_code
}
echo '<-- outer'
}
inner() {
set -e
echo '--> inner'
some_failed_command
echo '<-- inner'
}
outer
但是在清理之前,需要操作员防止从外部功能返回。诀窍是在后台运行内部命令,然后立即等待它。内置将返回内部命令的退出代码,现在您使用的是 after ,而不是内部函数,因此在后者中可以正常工作:||
wait
||
wait
set -e
#!/bin/sh
# prints:
#
# --> outer
# --> inner
# ./so_2.sh: line 27: some_failed_command: command not found
# --> cleanup
set -e
outer() {
echo '--> outer'
inner &
wait $! || {
exit_code=$?
echo '--> cleanup'
return $exit_code
}
echo '<-- outer'
}
inner() {
set -e
echo '--> inner'
some_failed_command
echo '<-- inner'
}
outer
这是基于此想法构建的通用函数。如果您删除关键字,它应该在所有与 POSIX 兼容的 shell 中工作,即仅将所有替换为:local
local x=y
x=y
# [CLEANUP=cleanup_cmd] run cmd [args...]
#
# `cmd` and `args...` A command to run and its arguments.
#
# `cleanup_cmd` A command that is called after cmd has exited,
# and gets passed the same arguments as cmd. Additionally, the
# following environment variables are available to that command:
#
# - `RUN_CMD` contains the `cmd` that was passed to `run`;
# - `RUN_EXIT_CODE` contains the exit code of the command.
#
# If `cleanup_cmd` is set, `run` will return the exit code of that
# command. Otherwise, it will return the exit code of `cmd`.
#
run() {
local cmd="$1"; shift
local exit_code=0
local e_was_set=1; if ! is_shell_attribute_set e; then
set -e
e_was_set=0
fi
"$cmd" "$@" &
wait $! || {
exit_code=$?
}
if [ "$e_was_set" = 0 ] && is_shell_attribute_set e; then
set +e
fi
if [ -n "$CLEANUP" ]; then
RUN_CMD="$cmd" RUN_EXIT_CODE="$exit_code" "$CLEANUP" "$@"
return $?
fi
return $exit_code
}
is_shell_attribute_set() { # attribute, like "x"
case "$-" in
*"$1"*) return 0 ;;
*) return 1 ;;
esac
}
使用示例:
#!/bin/sh
set -e
# Source the file with the definition of `run` (previous code snippet).
# Alternatively, you may paste that code directly here and comment the next line.
. ./utils.sh
main() {
echo "--> main: $@"
CLEANUP=cleanup run inner "$@"
echo "<-- main"
}
inner() {
echo "--> inner: $@"
sleep 0.5; if [ "$1" = 'fail' ]; then
oh_my_god_look_at_this
fi
echo "<-- inner"
}
cleanup() {
echo "--> cleanup: $@"
echo " RUN_CMD = '$RUN_CMD'"
echo " RUN_EXIT_CODE = $RUN_EXIT_CODE"
sleep 0.3
echo '<-- cleanup'
return $RUN_EXIT_CODE
}
main "$@"
运行示例:
$ ./so_3 fail; echo "exit code: $?"
--> main: fail
--> inner: fail
./so_3: line 15: oh_my_god_look_at_this: command not found
--> cleanup: fail
RUN_CMD = 'inner'
RUN_EXIT_CODE = 127
<-- cleanup
exit code: 127
$ ./so_3 pass; echo "exit code: $?"
--> main: pass
--> inner: pass
<-- inner
--> cleanup: pass
RUN_CMD = 'inner'
RUN_EXIT_CODE = 0
<-- cleanup
<-- main
exit code: 0
使用此方法时,唯一需要注意的是,从传递到的命令对 Shell 变量所做的所有修改都不会传播到调用函数,因为该命令在子 shell 中运行。run
这个功能最近对我服务得很好:
action () {
# Test if the first parameter is non-zero
# and return straight away if so
if test $1 -ne 0
then
return $1
fi
# Discard the control parameter
# and execute the rest
shift 1
"$@"
local status=$?
# Test the exit status of the command run
# and display an error message on failure
if test ${status} -ne 0
then
echo Command \""$@"\" failed >&2
fi
return ${status}
}
您可以通过将 0 或最后一个返回值追加到要运行的命令的名称来调用它,这样您就可以链接命令,而无需检查错误值。有了这个,这个语句块:
command1 param1 param2 param3...
command2 param1 param2 param3...
command3 param1 param2 param3...
command4 param1 param2 param3...
command5 param1 param2 param3...
command6 param1 param2 param3...
变成这样:
action 0 command1 param1 param2 param3...
action $? command2 param1 param2 param3...
action $? command3 param1 param2 param3...
action $? command4 param1 param2 param3...
action $? command5 param1 param2 param3...
action $? command6 param1 param2 param3...
<<<Error-handling code here>>>
如果任何命令失败,则错误代码将简单地传递到块的末尾。我发现它很有用,如果你不希望在前面的命令失败时执行后续命令,但你也不希望脚本立即退出(例如,在循环中)。
有时 、 ,并且无法正常工作,因为它们尝试向 shell 添加自动错误检测。这在实践中效果不佳。set -e
trap ERR
set -o
,set -o pipefail
set -o errtrace
在我看来,你应该编写自己的错误检查代码,而不是使用和其他东西。如果您明智地使用,请注意潜在的陷阱。set -e
set -e
为了避免在运行代码时出错,您可以使用或
在 Linux 中是一个空设备文件。这将丢弃写入它的任何内容,并在读取时返回 EOF。您可以在命令末尾使用它exec 1>/dev/null
exec 2>/dev/null
/dev/null
因为您可以使用或实现类似的行为
使用可以使用&&像这样try/catch
&&
||
{ # try
command &&
# your command
} || {
# catch exception
}
或者您可以使用:if else
if [[ Condition ]]; then
# if true
else
# if false
fi
$?
显示最后一个命令的输出,它返回 1 或 0
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