如何为 Vulkan 对象实现三法则？

问：

我想创建着色器、管道、纹理和其他与 Vulkan API 一起使用的对象的简单向量，但我正在努力了解如何使用复制构造函数、移动构造函数、复制分配和移动分配操作。

我的程序构建了一个着色器结构的向量，以传递给管道进行创建：

std::vector<vk::Shader> testShaders{
    {"vertex.vert", VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT},
    {"vertex.frag", VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT}
};
vk::GraphicsPPL<triangleList> testPPL(testShaders);

上述方法返回一个验证层错误，其中着色器模块位于 。在另一个关于 Stack Overflow 的问题中，加载向量的解决方案是实现三法则，但我现在正在努力了解如何在不触发其他错误的情况下做到这一点。我尝试了几次使用 cpp 引用页面创建复制分配运算符和复制构造函数的尝试，但我似乎无法避免使我的程序崩溃。以下是我的一些尝试：VK_NULL_HANDLE

Shader(const Shader& other) // First attempt: copy constructor
{
    std::memcpy(this, other.shaderModule, sizeof(other.shaderModule));
}// exited with code -1073741819.

Shader(const Shader& other) // Second attempt
{
    vkDestroyShaderModule(GPU::device, shaderModule, nullptr);
    //delete[] shaderModule; //With or without, does not change the outcome

    std::memcpy(shaderModule, other.shaderModule, sizeof(other.shaderModule));
} // Couldn't find VkShaderModule Object 0xcdcdcdcdcdcdcdcd and VK_NULL_HANDLE

/* Third attempt */
Shader(const Shader& other)
    : shaderStage(other.shaderStage){}

Shader& operator=(const Shader& other) // III. copy assignment
{
    if (this == &other)
        return *this;
    
    VkShaderModule new_shaderModule{};
    //sizeof(new_shaderModule) returns 8   
    //sizeof(other.shaderModule) returns 8         
    std::memcpy(new_shaderModule, other.shaderModule, sizeof(other.shaderModule));
    vkDestroyShaderModule(GPU::device, shaderModule, nullptr); // No difference with or without, neither replacing or adding "delete[] shaderModule"
    shaderModule = new_shaderModule;

    return *this;
}// VK_NULL_HANDLE error

Shader(const Shader& other) // Fourth attempt - forgot to add this one
{
    std::memcpy(this, &other, sizeof(Shader));
}

我的着色器结构如下：

struct Shader {
    VkShaderModule shaderModule;
    VkShaderStageFlagBits shaderStage;
    Shader(std::string const& filename, VkShaderStageFlagBits stage)
        : shaderStage(stage)
    {
        auto code = readFile(".\\shaders\\" + filename + ".spv"); // Function omitted from post for brevity, please don't hesitate to ask if needed
        createShaderModule(code, filename);
    }
    ~Shader() {
        vkDestroyShaderModule(GPU::device, shaderModule, nullptr);  
        // Delete[] shaderModule // With or without, did not change the outcome
    }
    void createShaderModule(const std::vector<char>& code, const std::string& filename) {
        VkShaderModuleCreateInfo createInfo
        { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO };
        createInfo.codeSize = code.size();
        createInfo.pCode = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(code.data());

        if (vkCreateShaderModule(GPU::device, &createInfo, nullptr, &shaderModule) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create " + filename + "!");
        }
    }
    /* My failed attempts here */
}

为了以防万一，Vulkan 是这样定义函数的：vkCreateShaderModule

// Provided by VK_VERSION_1_0
VkResult vkCreateShaderModule(
    VkDevice                                    device,
    const VkShaderModuleCreateInfo*             pCreateInfo,
    const VkAllocationCallbacks*                pAllocator,
    VkShaderModule*                             pShaderModule);

编辑：

根据注释中的建议对着色器进行添加：struct

Shader(const Shader& other) = delete;
Shader& operator=(const Shader& other) = delete;

Shader(Shader&& other) noexcept // move constructor
    : shaderModule(std::exchange(other.shaderModule, nullptr)), shaderStage(std::exchange(other.shaderStage, nullptr)) {}

Shader& operator=(Shader&& other) noexcept // move assignment
{
    std::swap(shaderModule, other.shaderModule);
    return *this;
}

还有一些新的错误，耶......

Error   C2440
'=': cannot convert from 'nullptr' to '_Ty'
/* path */ \MSVC\14.37.32822\include\utility

Error (active) E0304
no instance of function template "std::construct_at" matches the argument list
/* path */ MSVC\14.37.32822\include\xmemory

编辑2：

更改移动定义：

Shader(const Shader& other) = delete;
Shader& operator=(const Shader& other) = delete;

Shader(Shader&& other) noexcept // move constructor
{
    std::swap(*this, other);
    // std::exchange(*this, other); // no dice either
}

Shader& operator=(Shader&& other) noexcept // move assignment
{
    std::swap(*this, other);
    return *this;
}

新错误：

Error   C2280   'vk::Shader::Shader(const vk::Shader &)'
attempting to reference a deleted function  
/* path */\MSVC\14.37.32822\include\xutility

除了注释掉两行之外，我还尝试了解决方案，而对错误没有影响。shaderModule(nullptr)delete